{"id":4991,"date":"2023-03-29T09:34:14","date_gmt":"2023-03-29T07:34:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jphres.org\/?p=4991"},"modified":"2023-04-02T13:58:58","modified_gmt":"2023-04-02T11:58:58","slug":"spatial-scale-in-environmental-risk-mapping-a-valley-fever-case-study","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/886\/","title":{"rendered":"Spatial scale in environmental risk mapping: A Valley fever case study"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2017.886\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2017.886<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<ul class=\"item authors\">\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Heidi E. Brown<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"affiliation\">College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-5510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-5510<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Wangshu Mu<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Mohammed Khan<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">Office of Infectious Disease Services, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Arizona Department of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Clarisse Tsang<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">Office of Infectious Disease Services, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Arizona Department of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Jian Liu<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">Department of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Daoqin Tong<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<h3 class=\"label\">ABSTRACT<\/h3>\n<p><em>Background<\/em>. Valley fever is a fungal infection occurring in desert regions of the U.S. and Central and South America. Environmental risk mapping for this disease is hampered by challenges with detection, case reporting, and diagnostics as well as challenges common to spatial data handling.<br \/>\n<em><br \/>\nDesign and Methods.<\/em>\u00a0Using 12,349 individual cases in Arizona from 2006 to 2009, we analyzed risk factors at both the individual and area levels.<br \/>\n<em>Results<\/em>. Risk factors including elderly population, income status, soil organic carbon, and density of residential area were found to be positively associated with residence of Valley fever cases. A negative association was observed for distance to desert and pasture\/ hay land cover. The association between incidence and two land cover variables (shrub and cultivated crop lands) varied depending on the spatial scale of the analysis.<br \/>\n<em><br \/>\nConclusions<\/em>. The consistence of age, income, population density, and proximity to natural areas supports that these are important predictors of Valley fever risk. However, the inconsistency of the land cover variables across scales highlights the importance of how scale is treated in risk mapping.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2017.886 Heidi E. Brown College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-5510 Wangshu Mu School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Mohammed Khan Office of Infectious Disease Services, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Arizona Department of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States. Clarisse Tsang Office of Infectious &#8230; <a title=\"Spatial scale in environmental risk mapping: A Valley fever case study\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/886\/\" aria-label=\"More on Spatial scale in environmental risk mapping: A Valley fever case study\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4991","page","type-page","status-publish"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spatial scale in environmental risk mapping: A Valley fever case study - Journal of Public Health Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/886\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spatial scale in environmental risk mapping: A Valley fever case study - Journal of Public Health Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2017.886 Heidi E. Brown College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-5510 Wangshu Mu School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Mohammed Khan Office of Infectious Disease Services, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Arizona Department of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States. Clarisse Tsang Office of Infectious ... 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Brown College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-5510 Wangshu Mu School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States. Mohammed Khan Office of Infectious Disease Services, Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Arizona Department of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States. Clarisse Tsang Office of Infectious ... 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