{"id":4772,"date":"2023-03-29T20:58:23","date_gmt":"2023-03-29T18:58:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jphres.org\/?p=4772"},"modified":"2023-04-06T06:33:43","modified_gmt":"2023-04-06T04:33:43","slug":"the-use-of-the-health-belief-model-to-assess-u-s-college-students-perceptions-of-covid-19-and-adherence-to-preventive-measures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/2273\/","title":{"rendered":"The use of the health belief model to assess U.S. college students\u2019 perceptions of COVID-19 and adherence to preventive measures"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2021.2273\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2021.2273<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<ul class=\"item authors\">\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Saud A. Alsulaiman<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"affiliation\">Mass Communication Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2164-4396\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2164-4396<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Terry L. Rentner<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green OH, United States.<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-305X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-305X<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<h3 class=\"label\">ABSTRACT<\/h3>\n<p><em>Background:<\/em>\u00a0This study utilized the Health Belief Model to examine college students\u2019 perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. It examined the extent to which the Health Belief Model and perceived threat are associated with the adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures among college students.<br \/>\n<em>Design and Methods<\/em>: An online questionnaire was utilized and sent to a simple random sample of college students at a large Midwestern university in the United States between May and July of 2020. The number of undergraduate and graduate students who participated in this study was 1,723.<br \/>\n<em>Results:\u00a0<\/em>The study found that the Health Belief Model and perceived threat are significantly associated with COVID-19 preventive measures. College students with higher Health Belief Model scores were more likely to adhere to COVID-19 preventive measures than those with lower scores. College students also reported high cues to action and low perceived barriers to most of the COVID-19 preventive measures.<br \/>\n<em>Conclusion<\/em>: Applying the Health Belief Model is crucial for health professionals and university administrators for developing effective communication messages for COVID-19 prevention and future health outbreaks.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"label\">REFERENCES<\/h3>\n<div class=\"value\">\n<p>United Nations. United Nations comprehensive response to COVID-19: Saving lives, protecting societies, recovering better. 2020. Accessed: 17 January 2021. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.un.org\/pga\/75\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/100\/2020\/10\/un_comprehensive_response_to_covid.pdf<\/p>\n<p>WHO. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2021. Accessed: 15 March 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/\">https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ulmer RR, Sellnow TL, Seeger MW. Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications; 2017.<\/p>\n<p>Institute for Public Relations [Internet]. Crisis management and communications (Updated September 2014). 2014. Accessed: 13 December 2020. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/instituteforpr.org\/crisis-management-and-communications\/\">https:\/\/instituteforpr.org\/crisis-management-and-communications\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Seeger MW, Reynolds B, Sellnow TL. Crisis and emergency risk communication in health contexts: Applying the CDC model to pandemic influenza. In Heath RL, O\u2019Hair DH editors. Handbook of risk and crisis and crisis communication. New York: Routledge; 2009. p. 493-506.<\/p>\n<p>CDC. COVID-19: How to protect yourself &amp; others. 2021. Accessed: 12 March 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/prevention.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/prevention.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CDC. Public health guidance for community-related exposure. 2021. Accessed: 03 March 2021. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/php\/public-health-recommendations.html<\/p>\n<p>Salmon CT, Atkin C. Using media campaigns for health promotion. In: Thompson TL, Dorsey A, Miller KI, Parrott R, editors. Handbook of health communication. New York: Taylor &amp; Francis, Inc; 2003. p. 449-472.<\/p>\n<p>Wrighton MS, Lawrence SJ. Reopening colleges and universities during the covid-19 pandemic. Ann Intern Med 2020;173:664-5.<\/p>\n<p>The New York Times [Internet]. Tracking the coronavirus at U.S. colleges and universities. 2020. Accessed: 2 March 2021. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive<\/p>\n<p>\/2020\/us\/covid-college-cases-tracker.html<\/p>\n<p>CDC. Older adults: At greater risk requiring hospitalization or dying if diagnosed with COVID-19. 2021. Accessed: 28 February 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/older-adults.html<\/p>\n<p>WHO. Advice for the public.2021. Accessed: 13 January 2021. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for\u00a0public#:~:text=Protect%20yourself%20and%20others%20from,a%20bent%20elbow%20or%20tissue.<\/p>\n<p>WHO. #HealthAtHome. 2021. Accessed: 11 January 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/campaigns\/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus\/healthyathome\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/campaigns\/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus\/healthyathome<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CDC. If you have pets. 2021. Accessed: 23 January 2021. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/daily-life-coping\/pets.html<\/p>\n<p>WHO. Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 2021. Accessed: 02 January 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus\/origins-of-the-virus\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus\/origins-of-the-virus<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CDC. How much sleep do I need?. 2017. Accessed: 14 November 2020. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sleep\/about_sleep\/how_much_sleep.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sleep\/about_sleep\/how_much_sleep.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>WHO. Technical guidance publications. 2021. Accessed: 13 February 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance-publications\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance-publications<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Champion VL, Skinner CS. The health belief model. In Glanz, KB, Rimer K, Viswanath K editors. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008. p.45-65.<\/p>\n<p>Rosenstock IM. The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Educ Monogr 1974;2:354-86.<\/p>\n<p>Janz NK, Becker MH. The health belief model: A decade later. Health Educ Q 1984;11:1-47.<\/p>\n<p>Maiman LA, Becker MH. The health belief model: Origins and correlates in psychological theory. Health Educ Monogr 1974;2:336-53.<\/p>\n<p>Cummings KM, Jette AM, Brock BM, Haefner DP. Psychosocial determinants of immunization behavior in a swine influenza campaign. Med Care 1979;17:639-49.<\/p>\n<p>Yang ZJ. Predicting young adults\u2019 intentions to get the H1N1 vaccine: An integrated model. J Health Commun 2015;20:69-79.<\/p>\n<p>Fall E, Izaute M, Chakroun-Baggioni N. How can the health belief model and self-determination theory predict both influenza vaccination and vaccination intention? A longitudinal study among university students. Psychol Health 2018;33:746-64.<\/p>\n<p>King KA, Vidourek RA, English L, Merianos AL. Vigorous physical activity among college students: using the health belief model to assess involvement and social support. Arch Exerc Health Dis 2013;4:267-79.<\/p>\n<p>Das BM, Evans EM. Understanding weight management perceptions in first-year college students using the health belief model. J Am Coll Health 2014;62:488-97.<\/p>\n<p>Duncan SE, Annunziato RA. Barriers to self-management behaviors in college students with food allergies. J Am Coll Health 2018;66:331-9.<\/p>\n<p>Case K, Crook B, Lazard A, Mackert M. Formative research to identify perceptions of e-cigarettes in college students: Implications for future health communication campaigns. J Am Coll Health 2016;64:380-9.<\/p>\n<p>Mackert M, Lazard A, Guadagno M, Hughes Wagner J. The role of implied motion in engaging audiences for health promotion: Encouraging naps on a college campus. J Am Coll Health 2014;62:542-51.<\/p>\n<p>Alsulaiman SA, Rentner TL. The health belief model and preventive measures: A study of the ministry of health campaign on coronavirus in Saudi Arabia. J Inter Crisis Risk Commun Res 2018;1:3.<\/p>\n<p>Ross TP, Ross LT, Rahman A, Cataldo S. The bicycle helmet attitudes scale: using the health belief model to predict helmet use among undergraduates. J Am Coll Health 2010;59:29-36.<\/p>\n<p>Guilford K, McKinley E, Turner L. Breast cancer knowledge, beliefs, and screening behaviors of college women: application of the health belief model. Am J Health Educ 2017;48:256-63.<\/p>\n<p>Fehr SK, Vidourek RA, King KA, Nabors LA. Perceived barriers and benefits of condom use among college students. Am J Health Stud 2017;32:80.<\/p>\n<p>Wong LP, Alias H, Wong PF, et al. The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay. Hum Vaccin Immunotherap 2020;16:2204-14.<\/p>\n<p>Guidry JP, Laestadius LI, Vraga EK, et al. Willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine with and without emergency use authorization. Am J Infect Control 2021;49:137-42.<\/p>\n<p>Champion VL. Instrument refinement for breast cancer screening behaviors. Nurs Res 1993;42:139\u201343.<\/p>\n<p>Champion VL. Instrument development for health belief model constructs. Adv Nurs Sci 1984;6:73-85.<\/p>\n<p>American Veterinary Medical Association. Where the (not-so) wild things are: AVMA releases data on top, bottom states for dog, cat and overall pet ownership. 2018. Accessed: 03 February 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.avma.org\/news\/press-releases\/where-not-so-wild-things-are-avma-releases-data-top-bottom-states-dog-cat-and\">https:\/\/www.avma.org\/news\/press-releases\/where-not-so-wild-things-are-avma-releases-data-top-bottom-states-dog-cat-and<\/a><\/p>\n<p>King KA, Singh M, Bernard A, et al. Employing the health belief model to examine stress management among college students. Am J Health Stud 2012;27:192-203.<\/p>\n<p>Sogari G, Velez-Argumedo C, G\u00f3mez MI, Mora C. College students and eating habits: A study using an ecological model for healthy behavior. Nutrients 2018;10:1823.<\/p>\n<p>American College Health Association (ACHA). ACHA guidelines: Considerations for reopening institutions of higher education for the spring semester 2021. 2020. Accessed: 12 January 2021. Available from:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.acha.org\/documents\/resources\/guidelines\/ACHA_Considerations_for_Reopening_IHEs_for_Spring_2021.pdf\">https:\/\/www.acha.org\/documents\/resources\/guidelines\/ACHA_Considerations_for_Reopening_IHEs_for_Spring_2021.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Chandler-Coley R, Ross H, Ozoya O, et al. Exploring black college females\u2019 perceptions regarding HIV prevention message content. J Health Commun 2017;22:102-10.<\/p>\n<p>Bai GH. Fighting COVID-19 with Mongolian fiddle stories. Multilingua 2020;39:577-86.<\/p>\n<p>Riley AH, Sangalang A, Critchlow E, et al. Entertainment-education campaigns and COVID-19: How three global organizations adapted the health communication strategy for pandemic response and takeaways for the future. Health Commun 2021;36:42-9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2021.2273 Saud A. Alsulaiman Mass Communication Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u00a0https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2164-4396 Terry L. Rentner School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green OH, United States.\u00a0https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-305X ABSTRACT Background:\u00a0This study utilized the Health Belief Model to examine college students\u2019 perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. It examined the extent to which the Health &#8230; <a title=\"The use of the health belief model to assess U.S. college students\u2019 perceptions of COVID-19 and adherence to preventive measures\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/2273\/\" aria-label=\"More on The use of the health belief model to assess U.S. college students\u2019 perceptions of COVID-19 and adherence to preventive measures\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4772","page","type-page","status-publish"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The use of the health belief model to assess U.S. college students\u2019 perceptions of COVID-19 and adherence to preventive measures - Journal of Public Health Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/2273\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The use of the health belief model to assess U.S. college students\u2019 perceptions of COVID-19 and adherence to preventive measures - Journal of Public Health Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2021.2273 Saud A. 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Alsulaiman Mass Communication Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u00a0https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2164-4396 Terry L. Rentner School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green OH, United States.\u00a0https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-305X ABSTRACT Background:\u00a0This study utilized the Health Belief Model to examine college students\u2019 perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic. It examined the extent to which the Health ... 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