{"id":4489,"date":"2023-03-27T09:38:27","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T07:38:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jphres.org\/?p=4489"},"modified":"2023-04-02T14:17:08","modified_gmt":"2023-04-02T12:17:08","slug":"modifiable-risk-factors-and-overall-cardiovascular-mortality-moderation-of-urbanization","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/1893\/","title":{"rendered":"Modifiable risk factors and overall cardiovascular mortality: Moderation of urbanization"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"item doi\"><span class=\"value\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2020.1893\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2020.1893<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<ul class=\"item authors\">\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Mirza Rizwan Sajid<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia.<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-2195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-2195<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Noryanti Muhammad<\/strong><br \/>\n<span class=\"affiliation\">Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia.<br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6112-3720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6112-3720<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Roslinazairimah Zakaria<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia.<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-5865\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-5865<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"name\"><strong>Syed Ahmad Chan Bukhari<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"affiliation\">Division of Computer Science, Mathematics and Science, Collins College of Professional Studies, St. Johns University, New York, NY, United States.<\/span><span class=\"orcid\"><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-5261\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-5261<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"item abstract\">\n<h3 class=\"label\">ABSTRACT<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Background:<\/strong>\u00a0Modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular mortality (CVM) which is a leading form of global mortality. However, diverse nature of urbanization and its objective measurement can modify their relationship. This study aims to investigate the moderating role of urbanization in the relationship of combined exposure (CE) of modifiable risk factors and CVM.<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nDesign and Methods:<\/strong>\u00a0This is the first comprehensive study which considers different forms of urbanization to gauge its manifold impact. Therefore, in addition to existing original quantitative form and traditional two categories of urbanization, a new form consisted of four levels of urbanization was duly introduced. This study used data of 129 countries mainly retrieved from a WHO report, Non-Communicable Diseases Country Profile 2014. Factor scores obtained through confirmatory factor analysis were used to compute the CE. Age-income adjusted regression model for CVM was tested as a baseline with three bootstrap regression models developed for the three forms of urbanization.<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nResults:<\/strong>\u00a0Results revealed that the CE and CVM baseline relationship was significantly moderated through the original quantitative form of urbanization. Contrarily, the two traditional categories of urbanization could not capture the moderating impact. However, the four levels of urbanization were objectively estimated the urbanization impact and subsequently indicated that the CE was more alarming in causing the CVM in levels 2 and 3 urbanized countries, mainly from low-middle-income countries.<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nConclusion:<\/strong> This study concluded that the urbanization is a strong moderator and it could be gauged effectively through four levels whereas sufficiency of two traditional categories of urbanization is questionable.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"label\">REFERENCES<\/h3>\n<div class=\"value\">\n<p>Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018;137:e67-e492.<\/p>\n<p>Patel SA, Winkel M, Ali MK, et al. Cardiovascular mortality associated with 5 leading risk factors: national and state preventable fractions estimated from survey data. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:245-53. 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Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/publications\/ncd-action-plan\/en<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2020.1893 Mirza Rizwan Sajid Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia. https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-2195 Noryanti Muhammad Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia. https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6112-3720 Roslinazairimah Zakaria Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia. &#8230; <a title=\"Modifiable risk factors and overall cardiovascular mortality: Moderation of urbanization\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/1893\/\" aria-label=\"More on Modifiable risk factors and overall cardiovascular mortality: Moderation of urbanization\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4489","page","type-page","status-publish"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Modifiable risk factors and overall cardiovascular mortality: Moderation of urbanization - Journal of Public Health Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jphres.us.com\/index.php\/jphres\/article\/view\/1893\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modifiable risk factors and overall cardiovascular mortality: Moderation of urbanization - Journal of Public Health Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphr.2020.1893 Mirza Rizwan Sajid Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia. https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-2195 Noryanti Muhammad Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia. https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6112-3720 Roslinazairimah Zakaria Centre for Mathematical Sciences, College of Computing and Applied Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Malaysia. ... 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